ABSTRACT
Objective To understand Clonorchis sinensis infections in cats in Nanning City, so as to provide evidence for the control of the reservoir host of C. sinensis. Methods The cat livers were purchased from cat slaughterhouses in Nanning City. The cat gallbladder and liver were dissected, and liver flukes were collected and counted. Then, the worms were subjected to morphological observation, amplification of the ITS2 gene and sequencing. The species of the worms were identified using BLAST. Results A total of 105 cat livers were collected from two cat slaughterhouses, and 68 were detected with C. sinensis infections, with an infection rate of 64.76%. The highest burden was 980 worms in a single liver, and the mean burden was 72 worms in a liver. There were 3 types of liver flukes with various size and morphology, and all were identified as C. sinensis by means of morphological observation, ITS2 gene amplification, sequencing and sequence alignment. Conclusion There is a high infection rate of C. sinensi in marketed cats in Nanning City, and it is therefore suggested that targeted interventions should be intensified for the management of C. sinensis infections in cats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand Clonorchis sinensis infections in cats in Nanning City, so as to provide evidence for the control of the reservoir host of C. sinensis. Methods The cat livers were purchased from cat slaughterhouses in Nanning City. The cat gallbladder and liver were dissected, and liver flukes were collected and counted. Then, the worms were subjected to morphological observation, amplification of the ITS2 gene and sequencing. The species of the worms were identified using BLAST. Results A total of 105 cat livers were collected from two cat slaughterhouses, and 68 were detected with C. sinensis infections, with an infection rate of 64.76%. The highest burden was 980 worms in a single liver, and the mean burden was 72 worms in a liver. There were 3 types of liver flukes with various size and morphology, and all were identified as C. sinensis by means of morphological observation, ITS2 gene amplification, sequencing and sequence alignment. Conclusion There is a high infection rate of C. sinensi in marketed cats in Nanning City, and it is therefore suggested that targeted interventions should be intensified for the management of C. sinensis infections in cats.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus complex currently consists of five taxa, namely R. australis, R. annulatus, R. (B.) microplus clade A sensu, R. microplus clade B sensu, and R. (B.) microplus clade C sensu. Mitochondrial DNA-based methods help taxonomists when they are facing the morpho-taxonomic problem of distinguishing members of the R. (B.) microplus complex. The purpose of this study was to perform molecular characterization of ticks in all five regions of Brazil and infer their phylogenetic relationships. Molecular analysis characterized 10 haplotypes of the COX-1 gene. Molecular network analysis revealed that haplotype H-2 was the most dispersed of the studied populations (n = 11). Haplotype H-3 (n = 2) had the greatest genetic differentiation when compared to other Brazilian populations. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the COX-1 gene obtained strong support. In addition, it was observed that the population of R. (B.) microplus haplotype H-3 exhibited diverging branches among the other Brazilian populations in the study. The study concludes that the different regions of Brazil have R. (B.) microplus tick populations with distinct haplotypes.
Resumo Carrapatos do complexo R. (B.) microplus se distribuem em cinco taxa: R. australis, R. annulatus, R. (B.) microplus clado A sensu R. microplus clado B sensue e R. (B.) microplus clado C sensu. Métodos baseados no DNA mitocondrial podem auxiliar taxonomistas quando há dificuldades em estabelecer diferenças morfológicas para distinguir membros do complexo R. (B.) microplus. O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização molecular e a inferência de relações filogenéticas em carrapatos de todas as cinco regiões geográficas do Brasil. Para o gene COX-1, a análise molecular caracterizou 10 haplótipos. Na análise molecular em rede foi observado que o haplótipo H-2 é o mais disperso entre as populações (n=11). O haplótipo H-3 (n=2) foi o que obteve maior diferenciação genética ao ser comparado com outras populações brasileiras. A árvore filogenética Bayesiana de gene COX-1 gerou suporte robusto e foi observado que a população de R. (B.) microplus haplótipo H-3 apresentou ramificação com divergência entre as outras populações brasileiras apresentadas neste estudo. Conclui-se que as populações brasileiras possuem diversidade haplotípica com divergência entre as diversas populações de R. (B.) microplus no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Animals , Phylogeny , Rhipicephalus/classification , Rhipicephalus/genetics , Brazil , DNA, Mitochondrial , Bayes TheoremABSTRACT
Aims: Efficient utilization of cassava waste for value addition depends largely on proper understanding of its true microbial diversity. The aim of this study was to characterize using molecular methods, fungal species associated with cassava waste and to highlight their industrial potential. Study Design: Cassava peel (CP) waste from CP waste dumpsites and cassava waste water from cassava wastewater discharge outlets were collected from major cassava processing centres in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, for the study. Place and Duration of Study: Biotechnology Centre, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; between June 2011 and March 2012. Methodology: Two molecular methods namely, total fungal community DNA and isolates DNA sequence analysis were employed to characterize and identify the fungal species. Total fungal community DNA was extracted directly from CP waste and cassava wastewater, using the Soil DNA isolation kit (Norgen, Canada), while total genomic DNA was extracted from fungal isolates, using the same kit. The fungal ITS2 (Internal transcribed spacer) gene sequence of total fungal community and genomic DNA was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using ITS2 primers. Total fungal community DNA amplicons were spliced into PCR-TRAP Cloning Vector, used to transform competent cells of Escherichia coli and sequenced. Sequences were identified by aligning with sequences in the GenBank. Results: Results showed that 17 fungal species including Eurotiomycetes – Eurotiales (6 species), Mucormycotina – Mucorales (1 species), Sordariomycetes - Hypocreales (1 species), Saccharomycetes Saccharomycetales (8 species), and unidentified fungi (1 species) were present in cassava peel (CP). The dominant species was Aspergillus niger (15.2%). However, cassava wastewater had 27 fungal species including Eurotiomycetes – Eurotiales (2 species), Saccharomycetes Saccharomycetales (24 species) Tremellomycetes-Tremellales (1 species); the dominant species being Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida krusei each with 8.7% relative abundance. Conclusion: This study shows that cassava waste, on account of its rich fungal diversity, is an important microbial resource.